实例解析托福阅读图表填空题最新6篇

读书是学习，摘抄是整理，写作是创造，本页是勤劳的小编阿青帮大伙儿找到的6篇玛雅wang的相关文章，仅供借鉴，希望对大家有一些参考价值。

托福阅读推理题实例解析 篇1

例一：Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters? ○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.

○There were great numbers of them.

○They lived in the sea only.

○They did not leave many fossil remains.

例二：Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.

It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locations ○On land

○Both on land and at sea

○In shallow water

○In a marine environment

例三：Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salad, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory isexposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.

It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions

○ Cause some deer to hibernate

○ Make food unavailable in the highlands for deer

○ Make it easier for deer to locate understory plants

○Prevent deer from migrating during the winter

托福阅读推理题实例解析 篇2

托福阅读考试中，不同的题型考察的目的和重点是不一样的。所以在实际的备考中，针对各种考试题型，大家也要掌握考察的重点。那么关于阅读推理题部分，具体的考察内容是什么？下面小编为大家整理了详细的内容，供大家参考！

一、托福阅读推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。

这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。

二、托福阅读推理题的三个具体的解题思路：

1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。

2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。

3、集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：

例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.

What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?

(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.

(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.

(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.

(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.

文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量和比例下降，所以(B)为正确答案。

三、解答这类题目需要注意的信息点：

1.日期和数字。

2.关键词： 表示多少的副词： many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等

雅思阅读填空题实例解析 篇3

雅思阅读填空题实例解析

实例讲解雅思阅读填空题做题方法一看清题目要求

我们以剑13的Test 1的第一篇阅读题为例来讲解填空题的审题要求。这一道阅读题的1-7是表格填空题，做题之前先审题。题目的要求有两点：1.不多于一个词(ONE WORD ONLY);2.从文章中找词(Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage)。基于这样的题目要求，我们在做题的时候就只能往空上填一个词，而且这个词必需来源于原文。看清了题目要求，就可以开始做题了。

实例讲解雅思阅读填空题做题方法二定位文章位置

我们以第一个空为例，讲解如何根据关键词定位文章位置。我们在题目的图表中看到，第1和第2个题都属于“Database of tourism services”这个分类之下，我们可以通过这个分类迅速将题目答案范围定位到第二段Database of tourism services的位置，然后回头看题目“allow businesses to information regularly”此时我们要在题干中选取定位词，可选的定位词有两个“business”和“regularly”，但是“business”太过宽泛，我们就用“regularly”来定位。然后根据这这个定位词，我们将答案出处定位在原文的这句话里“In addition, because participating businesses were able toupdate the details they gave on a regularbasis, the information provided remained accurate.”所以答案就出来了，空格上填“update”。综上所述，我们可以看到做填空题的时候要经历这几个过程，先确定定位词，再找到对应内容，然后在空格上填入合适单词即可。刚开始做填空题不要着急提速，先学会找关关键词学会定位文章位置，等到大家练习的多了速度自然就提上去了。

实例讲解雅思阅读填空题做题方法三定位不到相关内容怎么办

有的同学在做雅思阅读填空题的时候会出现找不到原文对应内容的情况，那遇到这种情况该如何解决呢？首先建议大家分析问题原因，因为雅思阅读填空题都是根据原文出题，找不到对应位置只能从自身来找原因。出现这种情况的原因可能有2个：1.所选关键词太宽泛，比如上文中的题目，如果用“business”来定位，那找到的原文对应位置就太多了；2.文章或题目没有理解透彻，如果大家对于原文或者关键词对应位置的内容理解不够透彻的话也是会影响定位的。大家如果在练习中发现找不到原文位置建议大家在仔细看一看题目和文章，如果实在找不到建议看一下答案解析，并将错题积累下来。

雅思阅读材料：最适合春天吃的美食

New research suggests some foods have the power to guard skin from the damage caused by the sun's UV radiation. While a salad is no substitute for sunblock, these healthy foods could add inner protection against sunburn and wrinkles at the cellular level.

新的研究发现表明某些食物可以帮助肌肤免受阳光紫外线的侵害。但是，一盘沙拉并不能代替防晒霜，这些健康食物可以加强身体内在机能，保护皮肤不受侵害并延缓细胞衰老。

Citrus Fruits 柑橘类水果

Citrus fruits have the potent ingredient limonene, associated with a whopping 34 percent lower risk of skin cancer in one University of Arizona study of 470 women and men.

柑橘类水果含有丰富的柠檬烯。亚利桑那大学对470位女性和男性进行的研究表明，柠檬烯可以将患皮肤癌的风险降低34%

Green tea 绿茶

This delicately flavored tea is full of antioxidants called EGCGs. Among their health-promoting capabilities: EGCGs stopped genetic damage in human skin cells exposed to UV light in one University of Wisconsin study.

绿茶所含有的抗氧化剂叫做茶多酚。威斯康星大学的研究表明茶多酚可以使暴露在紫外线下的肌肤免受基因损害。

Carrots 胡萝卜

Carrots—or any other red, yellow, and orange fruits and vegetables—are packed with carotenoids, and studies show they reduce sunburn intensity.

胡萝卜或者任何红色，黄色及橙色水果和蔬菜都富含类胡萝卜素，研究表明这些果蔬可以降低日晒强度。

Red Peppers 红椒

Like carrots, red peppers are also especially helpful in reducing sunburn intensity.

和红萝卜一样，红椒在降低日晒强度方面有显著效果。

Spinach 菠菜

Leafy greens, like dark green lettuce, spinach, kale, and Swiss chard, are top sources of the antioxidants lutein and zeaxanthin, which halted cell growth prompted by UV light in animal studies.绿叶蔬菜，如绿色莴苣，菠菜，甘蓝菜和唐莴苣均含有非常丰富的抗氧化剂叶黄素和玉米黄素，这些抗氧化剂可以阻止紫外线引起的细胞生长。

Salmon 三文鱼

This fish is a great source of oils rich in omega-3 fatty acids. In a small British study, fish oils guarded against sunburn and DNA changes that can lead to cancer.

三文鱼的鱼油富含丰富的脂肪酸。研究表明鱼油可以预防易引发癌症的晒黑晒伤和DNA改变。

Walnuts 核桃

Like salmon, walnuts are high in essential fatty acids that could guard against sunburn.

和三文鱼一样，核桃也富含有丰富的人体必需脂肪酸，而这类脂肪酸可以抵御晒伤晒黑。

雅思阅读材料：学校能擅自给孩子吃药吗？

Should schools give children medicine without parental permission?

未经家长允许，学校能给孩子吃药吗？

That's the question that has been reverberating in parental circles across China after news emerged that a string of kindergartens were allegedly dispensing antiviral drugs without parents' consent.

这个问题最近在中国的家长圈子里激起层层涟漪，***是中国多所幼儿园被指在未获得家长允许的情况下向儿童分发抗病毒药物。

China's official Xinhua News Agency reported that four kindergarten programs--two in Xian in western Shaanxi province, one in central Hubei and another in northeastern Jilin--have been shut due to the problem, with some parents saying their children were suffering from leg pains, nosebleeds and genital inflammation after taking the medicine.

据中国官方媒体新华社报道，四所幼儿园因相关问题被关闭，其中两所位于中国西部 西省西安市、一所位于华中的湖北省，还有一所在东北的吉林省，一些家长说，他们的孩子在服药后出现腿痛、流鼻血、生殖器肿胀等症状。

Authorities are investigating the matter, and three people in Jilin have been detained in connection with the allegations, Xinhua said. Five others from schools in Xian have also been detained, Xinhua said.

新华社说，有关当局正在调查此事，吉林已有三人被拘捕。新华社说，西安幼儿园也有五人被拘捕。

The issue came to light Friday, after one parent in Xian found her daughter had brought home a prescription flu pill. Other cases came to light as the news spread.

这起事件在上周五曝光，当时西安一名家长发现女儿将一片处方感冒药带回了家。随着消息扩散，其他事例也被曝光。

Xinhua says that money appears to be a motivating factor. Some parents believe the schools were trying to ward off sickness to ensure students didn't take sick days, it said. Many private kindergartens and preschools in China charge by the number of days students attend school, so fewer sick days equals more money for the teachers.

新华社报道说，驱使幼儿园这样做的原因似乎是金钱。报道称，一些家长认为，幼儿园的目的是防止孩子生病缺勤。中国许多幼儿园都是按孩子入园的天数收费，因此减少病假缺勤天数就意味着教师能有更多收入。

Others have cited the fact that there is no law prohibiting the practice as a contributing factor.

还有人认为，没有法律明文禁止这种行为也是造成这一结果的因素之一。

'Although their actions were wrong, there is no ban based on law. In other words, it's not illegal for an immoral kindergarten to give children unauthorized medications,' Li Jing, the deputy head of Beijing's private Sunny High Scope Kindergarten told the China Daily.

北京私立的阳光高瞻国际幼儿园教师李静对《中国日报》说，虽然他们的行为不对，但法律没有明文禁止；换句话说，不道德的幼儿园未经允许就给孩子吃药并不违法。

The drugs given to students are cheap, just a few cents per pill, said Justin Wang, a partner and director in the Shanghai office of consultancy L.E.K. Consulting LLC, and economic incentives were likely high enough to convince teachers to take the risk.

咨询公司L.E.K. Consulting LLC上海办事处合伙人兼主管王景烨(Justin Wang)说，幼儿园给孩子吃的药很便宜，一片才几分钱，而经济刺激可能足够高，让老师愿意冒这个险。

Parents of school-age children say schools in China typically require parental consent before administering medication. However, health practices in China's education system vary drastically from the U.S. Some Chinese schools get parental consent to conduct health checks that involve procedures like blood and urine tests; school health checks in the U.S. are often limited to screenings for eyesight, lice and scoliosis.

学龄儿童的家长说，学校在组织用药前通常会征求家长同意。但中国教育系统的卫生保健做法与美国迥异。一些中国学校会在征得家长同意后进行涉及血液和尿液检测的体检，而美国的学校体检通常仅限于视力、虱子和脊柱侧弯的筛查。

Many parents in China say schools frequently inform them when their children are sick and before performing health checks. Still, schools usually provide only scant information, said Elaine Wang, a mother of two children in local Beijing schools.

很多中国家长说，在孩子生病时和接受体检前，学校经常会通知他们。有两个孩子在北京当地上学的Elaine Wang说，但学校通常只提供有限的信息。

'They inform you that there will be a health screening, but they don't say what happens during those screenings,' Ms. Wang said.

Wang说，他们会通知你孩子需要体检，但不会告诉你体检过程中具体会发生什么。

雅思阅读

实例解析托福阅读图表填空题 篇4

通过检索我们发现以下两个段落对应本题：

第三自然段：Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form. Their bodies are sleek and compact. The body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view. Most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all. They are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag. The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.

本段重点陈述了减少水阻力的几种设计，通过对于本段的精读我们发现阴影处信息可对应选项145.

第八自然段：There are adaptations that increase the amount of forward thrust as well as those that reduce drag. Again, these fishes are the envy of engineers. Their high, narrow tails with swept-back tips are almost perfectly adapted to provide propulsion with the least possible effort. Perhaps most important of all to these and other fast swimmers is their ability to sense and make use of swirls and eddies (circular currents) in the water. They can glide past eddies that would slow them down and then gain extra thrust by “pushing off” the eddies. Scientists and engineers are beginning to study this ability of fishes in the hope of designing more efficient propulsion systems for ships.

本段重点介绍了关于提升推进力的几种设计，通过对本段的精读可对应选项2和7.选项2和7对应原文中如阴影所示的句子，此题要求学生在做题时有快速检索信息的能力。

通过真题分析我们可以看出，图表填空题的解题关键在于明确文章结构类型，理清对比或对照的对象之间大致关系，然后去对应的文章段落中找信息点即可。希望大家在具体备考过程中能够多练习多反思，不断提升自己对文章结构的把握能力和信息分类筛选能力。

托福阅读：玛雅历史背景知识

The Maya are probably the best-known of the classical civilizations of Mesoamerica. Originating in the Yucatán around 2600 B.C., they rose to prominence around A.D.250 in present-day southern Mexico, Guatemala, northern Belize and western Honduras. Building on the inherited inventions and ideas of earlier civilizations such as the Olmec, the Maya developed astronomy, calendrical systems and hieroglyphic writing. The Maya were noted as well for elaborate and highly decorated ceremonial architecture, including temple-pyramids, palaces and observatories, all built without metal tools. They were also skilled farmers, clearing large sections of tropical rain forest and, where groundwater was scarce, building siz★WWW.BAIHUAWEN.com★eable underground reservoirs for the storage of rainwater. The Maya were equally skilled as weavers and potters, and cleared routes through jungles and swamps to foster extensive trade networks with distant peoples.

玛雅文明是最富盛名的早期文明之一。玛雅人发展了天文，历法，文字，同时在建筑上包括寺庙、宫殿和瞭望台有很高的造诣，这些建筑均不适用金属。同时他们是经验丰富的种植者，在缺水的地方开辟大型水库储存雨水，同时他们善于编制、制陶，开辟通道与远距离的人们进行贸易往来。

关键词：astronomy, calendrical, hieroglyphic writing, architecture, reservoir, weaver, potter, swamp

Around 300 B.C., the Maya adopted a hierarchical system of government with rule by nobles and kings. This civilization developed into highly structured kingdoms during the Classic period, A.D. 200-900. Their society consisted of many independent states, each with a rural farming community and large urban sites built around ceremonial centres. It started to decline around A.D. 900 when - for reasons which are still largely a mystery - the southern Maya abandoned their cities. When the northern Maya were integrated into the Toltec society by A.D. 1200, the Maya dynasty finally came to a close, although some peripheral centres continued to thrive until the Spanish Conquest in the early sixteenth century.

玛雅人采用君主制。各地自治管理。公元9，玛雅社会开始走向衰退，而衰退的原因一直是一个谜。公元1200年，玛雅北部团结成为托尔铁克。

关键词：hierarchical, peripheral, thrive

Maya history can be characterized as cycles of rise and fall: city-states rose in prominence and fell into decline, only to be replaced by others. It could also be described as one of continuity and change, guided by a religion that remains the foundation of their culture. For those who follow the ancient Maya traditions, the belief in the influence of the cosmos on human lives and the necessity of paying homage to the gods through rituals continues to find expression in a modern hybrid Christian-Maya faith.

玛雅文明对后世有着深刻的影响：宇宙观，对上帝的敬仰。

托福阅读材料：人体脑白金

Melatonin, sometimes called “the hormone of darkness,” plays an important role in regulating our daily sleep patterns. This hormone is produced by our bodies and in most organisms melatonin production is higher during the night than during the day.

褪黑素，又名黑素细胞凝集素的荷尔蒙，在调节我们日常睡眠规律中扮演重要角色。人体自身分泌褪黑激素，而且大多数生物夜晚比白天分泌得更多。

In addition to their body’s own melatonin, many people take melatonin supplements in an attempt to help them sleep, fight jet lag or balance out seasonal affective disorder.

此外，一些人通过体外补充褪黑素改善睡眠，缓解飞机时差感、平衡季节性情绪失调。

Melatonin And Memories

褪黑素对记忆的影响

But a study by a group of scientists at the University of Houston suggests that melatonin might have a negative impact on the ability to form new memories.

但是，休斯顿大学的科学家们研究表明：褪黑素阻碍记忆形成。

The researchers were interested in how the body’s internal clock affects the formation of new memories. They found that small striped minnows called zebra fish learned very well during the day but very poorly at night, when melatonin levels are higher.

研咳嗽毕肱宄迥谏镏尤绾斡跋煨律且涞男纬伞Q芯咳嗽狈⑾职呗碛惆滋煅澳芰芎；夜晚却很差，而夜晚褪黑素分泌旺盛。

They wondered if melatonin played a role in learning and memory.

研究人员怀疑褪黑素影响学习和记忆。

Melatonin And Learning

褪黑素对学习的影响

They treated zebra fish with extra melatonin during the day, boosting the hormone levels to night-time amounts.

白天，研究人员喂给斑马鱼褪黑素，促进斑马鱼夜晚褪黑素分泌。

They discovered that high melatonin did not affect learning per se, but dramatically reduced the fishes’ ability to form new memories, or to remember what they’d learned.

研究人员发现大量的褪黑素没有直接影响学习本身，但是却很大程度地使斑马鱼的记忆衰退，斑马鱼不记得学过的东西。

Then the scientists inhibited melatonin activity in the fish. They did this by blocking melatonin receptors with inhibitory drugs. The fishs’ melatonin levels were unchanged, but the ability of melatonin to affect the brain was blocked.

接着，科学家们抑制斑马鱼体内的褪黑素的作用：抑制药物阻碍褪黑素受体。斑马鱼褪黑素分泌量没改变，但是褪黑素不能影响不了大脑。

Blocking Melatonin

阻碍褪黑素

With melatonin activity blocked, the ability of the fish to form new memories was drastically improved, even at night.

褪黑素的作用受阻，斑马鱼新生记忆能力明显改善，夜晚也很好。

This research has potential benefits for humans. For example, the use of melatonin receptor blockers could improve performance of night-time cognitive tasks, helping people such as night-shift workers or students cramming for exams.

该项研究带给人类潜在好处。例如，褪黑素受体的阻碍能影响人夜晚的认知能力，那么对于那些夜班工作者和熬夜备考的学生都有所帮助。

实例解析托福阅读图表填空题 篇5

例题

Directions: Complete the table below by indicating which features of fishes are associated in the passage with reducing water resistance and which are associated with increasing thrust. This question is worth 3 points.

Features of Fishes

1. The absence of scales from most of the body

2. The ability to take advantage of eddies

3. The ability to feed and reproduce while swimming

4. Eyes that do not protrude

5. Fins that are stiff, narrow, and smooth

6. The habit of swimming with the mouth open

7. A high, narrow tail with swept-back tips

托福阅读图表填空题要求：对比文章中的某两个部分的内容

有的托福阅读文章是全文的对照对比，有的则是重点段落的对照对比。这种题目需要先识别要求对比的内容，并且从原文中搜寻对应的文章段落。本题要求对比REDUCING WATER RESISTANCE和INCREASING THRUST，因此我们先通过读每段的关键句来确定对比内容所在段落。

托福阅读推理题实例解析 篇6

推理题大概有三个解题思路：一般对比推理、时间对比推理、集合概念推理。一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。

在这里我们先来看一个例子：

Passage：…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century， a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils， so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles...

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?

a.They did not smoke when they were burned.

b.They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.

c.They were not available to all.

d.They contained sulfuric acid.

正确答案是C.这一段的第一句就告诉我们：19世纪的一些新发明和发现也对蜡烛工业产生了一次巨大的革命，这次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。从这句话中我们可以得到两层信息：19世纪蜡烛工业有了一次革命性的变化；在没有这次变革之前，也就是在19世纪以前，照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因为作者在谈论的是蜡烛的变革，所以这里所说的“lighting照明”一定是与蜡烛有关的照明，其实也就是告诉我们19世纪以前并不是所有人都能够使用到蜡烛带来的照明，这一推论出的信息正好与选项C吻合。文章第一句同时也是一个时间的分水岭，告诉我们19世纪蜡烛工业的变革是怎么样的。“在19世纪早期到中期，蜡烛处理工艺使用alkali 和 sulfuric acid 来提炼 tallow，提炼后的产品就是 stearin，stearin 比未经提炼的tallow坚硬而且燃烧得更久。这一巨大的变化意味着制造出不产生烟和rancid味道的蜡烛是可能的。”在这里的一个关键词是 rancid，意思是(油脂食物，其味道、气味)不新鲜的；腐臭的；正好与选项b的pleasant odor相反。19世纪前的蜡烛产生usualsmoke(经常有烟)，这与选项a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世纪用来处理fallow的材料，在19世纪以前是没有使用的，这与选项d相反。

解答这类题目时要注意这些关键信息点：日期和数字、关键词： 表示多少的副词： many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。

在此，我们再来看一道例题：

It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales , porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

a. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like

b.There were great numbers of them.

c. They lived in the sea only.

d.They did not leave many fossil remains.

首先我们来对题目的出题范围进行定位，题干的blowhole可以作为定位词汇，定位到原文的第四句话：“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.” 在这句话里交代了“unlike the casess of sea otters”，即与sea otters 不一样的是，whales 的陈述是：it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. 即，不容易看出第一头鲸长什么样子。而sea ottter 是和鲸鱼相反，所以选择A选项，即不难看出第一头sea otter 长什么样子。所以实际上，这种题目虽然叫做推理题，但是并不需要同学们在做题的时候推的过远，基本考察的还是对原文信息概括和总结的能力。

如何应对托福阅读推理题

一、题型分类

对于托福阅读来说，词汇是根本。在阅读中词汇题(vocabulary questions)的数量很多，每篇存在三至五题不等。

接下来就是阅读中的句子。句子细节在托福中的考察形式和内容相比词汇更为深入。有对于单个句子结构和主干意思理解做出的考察，即句子简化题(sentence simplification questions)。有对于文中明确表述的细节信息的考察和理解，即事实信息题(factual information questions)。还有对于文中明确表述信息真伪的识别和理解，也就是否定事实信息题(negative factual information questions)。除此之外，阅读还会考察对于文中强烈暗示而未明确表述的信息的识别和理解能力，即推理题(inference questions)。

在阅读中，对于段落的考察往往侧重于句子之间的关系。句与句之间的连接往往会有名词的重复以及代词的指代，所以有了指代题(reference questions)。内容的衔接除了代词指代之外，还有逻辑关系的递进，所以又有了修辞目的题(rhetorical purpose questions)。如果说指代题和修辞目的题是对于句间关系的识别的话，那么句子插入题(insert sentence questions)则是两者的升级版，是对于句间关系的逻辑的应用。

当然，托福阅读也涉及篇章中段落的主旨以及段间的关系的考查。若是顺承的关系往往出的是总结题(prose summary questions)，若是对比分类的关系往往出的是表格题(fill in a table questions)。

二、题型难度

通过以上的分类讲解，相信大家对于托福阅读十大题型考察的能力有了了解。那么十大题型里，哪种题型相对比较难呢？如果说其他题型是通过词汇积累或者对于文章里的信息的透彻理解就可以掌握的话，那么更侧重于考察出题人的逻辑思维模式的题型就是推理题了。

我们再来看一下托福官方指南里对于推理题的表述：对于文中强烈暗示而未明确表述信息的识别和理解。大家重点关注强烈暗示这几个词，言下之意就是通过一些相关信息的表述来传递内在的意思，所以体会出题人传达相关信息的模式就变成了解题的关键。

三、推理题中的对比取反

解答推理题应从识别题型入手。推理题题干中常见表示推理或暗示的词汇：infer，imply，indicate，suggest。然后，仔细阅读题干。最后，根据题干信息研读文章信息以做出推理。

接下来我们通过以下四个例子来层层深入解析推理题中对比取反的情况。

1. Paragraph: Two other developments presaged the end of the era of turnpikes and started a transportation revolution that resulted in increased regional specialization and the growth of a national market economy. First came the steamboat; although flatboats and keelboats continued to be important until the 1850s, steamboats eventually superseded all other craft in the carrying of passengers and freight. Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats.

1. Which of the following can be inferred from the paragraph about flatboats and keelboats?

A. They ceased to be used as soon as the first turnpikes were built.

B. They were slower and more expensive to operate than steamboats.

C. They were used for long-distance but not for regional transportation.

D. They were used primarily on the Erie Canal.

根据题干信息flatboats and keelboats对应到原文句子Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats. 从句子里steamboat以及keelboats之间的faster 以及one tenth of很容易得出B选项。解出答案之后，希望大家思考，这样一道推理题透露了出题人设置题目时的逻辑思维，那就是信息的对比，而且有对比的时候，答案往往会取反面。

2. Paragraph: A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community – that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.

1. Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from the paragraph?

A. It excludes interactions between more than two species.

B. It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.

C. Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.

D. Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.

根据题干信息commensalism对应到原文句子There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.该句得不出答案，接着看到The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community;该句告诉我们first and third指代上句中的parasitism和mutualism, 而题干中被问及的commensalism(共栖)恰是三者之中剩余的部分，根据例一中出题人对于对比取反的逻辑设置，显然该题同样取反，既然文中给出一三重要，那么强烈暗示的就是处于第二的commensalism不重要，所以选C。

3. Paragraph: Isotopic analysis of shells allowed geologists to measure another glacial effect. They could trace the growth and shrinkage of continental glaciers, even in parts of the ocean where there may have been no great change in temperature – around the equator, for example. The oxygen isotope ratio of the ocean changes as a great deal of water is withdrawn from it by evaporation and is precipitated as snow to form glacial ice. During glaciations, the lighter oxygen-16 has a greater tendency to evaporate from the ocean surface than the heavier oxygen-18 does. Thus, more of the heavy isotope is left behind in the ocean and absorbed by marine organisms. From this analysis of marine sediments, geologists have learned that there were many shorter, more regular cycles of glaciation and de-glaciation than geologists had recognized from the glacial drift of the continents alone.

1. It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that foraminifera fossil shells containing calcite with high percentages of oxygen-16 were deposited at times when…

A. polar ice extended as far as equatorial regions of land and sea.

B. extensive glaciation was not occurring.

C. there were no great increases in ocean temperature.

D. there was heavy snowfall on continental glaciers.

同样根据题干信息oxygen-16对应到原文During glaciations, the lighter oxygen-16 has a greater tendency to evaporate from the ocean surface than the heavier oxygen-18 does. 句中给出during glaciations的时候oxygen-16会蒸发离开，题干问什么时候oxygen-16 were deposited, 同样还是对比取反，即not during glaciations，对应选项B。

4. Paragraph 2: The areas covered by this material were so vast that the ice that deposited it must have been a continental glacier larger than Greenland or Antarctica. Eventually, Agassiz and others convinced geologists and the general public that a great continental glaciation had extended the polar ice caps far into regions that now enjoy temperate climates. For the first time, people began to talk about ice ages. It was also apparent that the glaciation occurred in the relatively recent past because the drift was soft, like freshly deposited sediment. We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift. The drift of the last glaciation was deposited during one of the most recent epochs of geologic time, the Pleistocene, which lasted from 1.8 million to 10,000 years ago. Along the east coast of the United States, the southernmost advance of this ice is recorded by the enormous sand and drift deposits of the terminal moraines that form Long Island and Cape Cod.

1. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that Agassiz and other geologists of his time were not able to determine…

A. which geographic regions had been covered with ice sheets in the last ice age.

B. the exact dates at which drifts had been deposited during the last ice age.

C. the exact composition of the drifts laid during the last ice age.

D. how far south along the east coast of the United States the ice had advanced during the last ice age.

通过以上的例子，相信大家已经熟悉了推理题中对比取反的逻辑思维。那么最后这一道题，是否能够应用讲解的规律顺利得出正确答案呢？

首先读题干，很多考生会选择Agassiz and other geologists这一信息去对应原文，结果发现无法根据文中对应信息得出正确答案。此时要牢记对比取反的逻辑思维，重新审题发现了of his time这一时间短语与文中的We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift.一句里的now构成对比关系。所以根据对比取反的逻辑，既然我们现在才e799bee5baa6e78988e69d8331333363393661精确知道冰川形成的时间，那么在当时是不知道的，顺利选出B选项。

在托福阅读中，希望考生可以通过分析真题仔细体会出题人的思维逻辑，掌握考试规律，这样才能百战百胜。